Proceedings of the
European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL2026)
14 – 19 June 2026, Braga, Portugal

The Cost of Doing Business: A Collaborative Approach to Hybrid Threats~--- a Regulatory Perspective

Linn Steensrud Øverlan

Senior Engineer, Norwegian Ocean Industry Authority, Norway.

linn.steensrud@havtil.no

Truls Campe Pettersen

Advisor, Norwegian Ocean Industry Authority, Norway.

truls.pettersen@havtil.no

Kristian Solheim Teigen

Principal Engineer, Norwegian Ocean Industry Authority, Norway.

kristian.teigen@havtil.no

ABSTRACT

Hybrid threats have gained considerable traction over the past years as the current geopolitical landscape has shifted. The emerging risks that follow must be remediated; however, this comes with an increased organizational and financial cost. As threat actors evolve methods combining traditional and emerging tactics, it is integral for risk management practitioners, across both industry and government sectors, to further develop capabilities, knowledge, and understanding of these risk vectors. Over time, the cyber dimension has become an integral part of the risk and vulnerability management, across cyberspace and cyber-physical systems alike, as well as in the realm of physical security. In practice, this means that these disciplines are becoming increasingly intertangled. As such, risk management practitioners must pivot towards increased cross-disciplinary collaboration. In other words, it is time to pay the cost for resilience - it is time to move from well said to well done. This paper explores the interface between cyber and physical security, the possibilities for synergetic processes, the need for an increased focus on cross-disciplinary collaboration, and the costs of doing so - or not.

Keywords: Cybersecurity, physical security, hybrid threats, collaboration, risk, safety, risk management.



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